Peripheral neuropathy, also called polyneuropathy, is a general term for diseases affecting one or more nerves outside the central nervous system – that is, nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, typically in the hands, feet, legs, and toes. The condition can affect both the nerves that control sensation (sensory) and those that control muscle movement (motor).

Peripheral neuropathy can have many causes. One of the most common is as a side effect of certain chemotherapies, where the condition can limit treatment because long-term neuropathy can significantly reduce quality of life. 

Other causes can include hereditary diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth, infections, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, high alcohol consumption, or metabolic disorders. Leprosy is also a cause globally.

Symptoms of chronic peripheral neuropathy often develop gradually and begin in the outer parts of the body, such as the toes, feet, legs, and hands. The condition is typically symmetrical and affects both sides. Common symptoms include pain, reduced strength, and decreased or lost sensation – often described as feeling like wearing an invisible sock or glove. Acute neuropathy can appear suddenly and, in some cases, resolve on its own, but chronic neuropathy usually does not go away and often requires long-term treatment.

Peripheral neuropathy can affect all age groups. Cancer patients undergoing treatment are particularly at risk, but people with diabetes, hereditary diseases, or high alcohol intake can also develop the condition. The prognosis depends on the cause – loss of sensation in the toes or feet rarely returns. The underlying cause often cannot be removed, but the pain can be medically relieved.