Lower back pain is discomfort or pain in the lower part of the back, between the lowest ribs and the buttocks. Many know it as back pain, a pulled back muscle, or lumbago. It is a very common condition that most adults experience at least once in their lives – often several times.

The pain can occur suddenly, for example after heavy lifting or twisting, or develop gradually over time. It can range from mild to very severe and sometimes radiate down into the buttocks or legs.

A distinction is made between acute lower back pain, lasting less than three months, and chronic pain, lasting longer. In most cases, no single clear cause can be identified – these are called nonspecific lower back pains and are often due to irritation in muscles, joints, discs, or ligaments. For a smaller group, a nerve may be affected, for example by a herniated disc or osteoarthritis, which can cause pain, sensory disturbances, or reduced strength in the legs. Very rarely, lower back pain is caused by serious conditions such as cancer or infection.

Typical symptoms include soreness, stiffness, or sharp pain in the lower back, which often worsens with movement. If the pain is accompanied by significant sensory disturbances, leg problems, or incontinence, medical attention should be sought immediately.

Lower back pain can affect anyone but is most common in people aged 30–50. Men and women are affected equally often, and many pregnant women also experience lower back discomfort. The condition is one of the most frequent reasons for doctor visits and sick leave, and hereditary factors can increase the risk.

The causes are often multifactorial. Poor posture, heavy lifting, and repetitive twisting put strain on the back, and age-related changes such as osteoarthritis can play a role. However, many people have degenerative changes without pain, so wear and tear alone does not always explain the problem. Psychological factors such as stress and low well-being can also worsen pain or prolong recovery.