Chronic postoperative pain is persistent pain that occurs after surgery and continues for more than three to six months. Pain can occur after various types of surgery, especially when there is a risk of nerve injury or extensive tissue damage.

The causes of chronic postoperative pain are complex. During surgery, nerves may be damaged, stretched, or cut, which can lead to neuropathic pain with burning, stabbing, or electric sensations. Scar tissue can press on nerves or create tightness in the tissue, and inflammation may persist longer than expected. Some patients develop sensitization, where the nervous system becomes hypersensitive and continues to send pain signals even though the original injury has healed.

Several factors can increase the risk, such as severe acute pain after surgery, previous chronic pain, repeated procedures, and psychological factors like anxiety and depression.

Chronic postoperative pain can be frustrating and significantly affect daily life, leading to reduced function, fatigue, and strain on mental health when the pain does not subside as expected.